When it comes to roofing choices in Vancouver, there’s no one-size-fits-all answer. Over the years, I’ve had the pleasure (and sometimes the challenge) of working with both asphalt shingles and metal roofing. Let’s dive into the ins and outs of each option, drawing on my personal experience, hands-on expertise, and the honest authority I’ve earned from working on countless homes right here in our local community.

Experience: Years of Roofing in the Lower Mainland

I’ve been in the roofing business long enough to see trends come and go, and I’ve spent plenty of time atop houses in Vancouver, Surrey, and Delta. Every roof tells its own story. I remember a few years back when a homeowner was torn between the familiar comfort of asphalt shingles and the promise of longevity with metal roofing. I listened to their concerns about the frequent drizzles and occasional heavy rains we get around here. In that conversation, I wasn’t just a contractor—I was a neighbor sharing real-life stories about what’s worked best over the years.

In one instance, I installed asphalt shingles on a charming older home in Delta. Despite the continuous drizzle, the shingles held up pretty well, blending seamlessly with the home’s aesthetic. Yet, not long after, a particularly windy winter reminded us that asphalt isn’t invincible. Meanwhile, I’ve also had the opportunity to put metal roofing on newer homes in Surrey, where its reflective properties and durability in the face of Vancouver’s damp conditions really shone. I like to think of my hands-on experience as a well-worn toolbox; every project has added a new tool to my repertoire.

Expertise: Delving into the Details Without the Jargon

Let’s talk specifics. Asphalt shingles are popular for a reason—they’re affordable, widely available, and come in many styles and colors. Their installation is relatively straightforward, and they’re great at providing a traditional look that many Vancouver homeowners appreciate. However, when you consider our unique climate, you have to think about the fact that constant moisture can sometimes lead to premature aging if not properly maintained. I’ve seen cases where a roof installed in a particularly rainy neighborhood required more frequent inspections and upkeep.

On the flip side, metal roofing is a bit of a different beast. It’s known for its longevity and resistance to the elements, something that can be a real boon for those unpredictable Vancouver winters and those occasional summer heatwaves. Metal roofs often come with energy-saving benefits, reflecting sunlight rather than absorbing it. This might help keep your home cooler during the warmer months—a nice perk if you’re tired of cranking up the air conditioner on hot, sunny days by the water. Plus, the sleek, modern look of metal roofing can give your house a stylish edge without sacrificing performance.

When discussing these options with homeowners, I always emphasize that the choice isn’t solely about the upfront cost. It’s about understanding the long-term maintenance, energy efficiency, and overall performance. I share these insights not to confuse you with technical details but to help you see the bigger picture. After all, your roof is more than just a cover over your head—it’s an investment in the longevity and comfort of your home.

Authority: The Lessons That Come from Time on the Job

I’m proud to say that my authority in roofing comes not from what I’ve read in textbooks but from countless hours spent under the open sky, getting my hands dirty. In Vancouver, where weather can shift as unpredictably as our local soccer scores, understanding the real-world performance of roofing materials is crucial. I’ve learned that while asphalt shingles are dependable and familiar, they sometimes struggle against the relentless dampness and occasional hailstorms we experience here.

Metal roofs, on the other hand, have a reputation for withstanding the test of time. I’ve installed metal roofing on several projects where clients wanted something that would require minimal fuss over the years. Their durability in harsh weather conditions isn’t just a selling point—it’s something I’ve witnessed firsthand. When I’m up there on a metal roof, I’m confident it can handle a Vancouver storm without breaking a sweat. This kind of firsthand insight is something I rely on when advising homeowners, ensuring you’re not left in the lurch when Mother Nature decides to throw a curveball.

I remember a particular project in a quieter neighborhood of Surrey, where the homeowner was initially skeptical about metal roofing due to its higher upfront cost. After detailing the long-term benefits and even sharing a few light-hearted local anecdotes about how our weather can be as unpredictable as a bus schedule, they felt reassured. It’s moments like these that reinforce the importance of blending technical know-how with genuine care for the community. My goal is always to empower you with the knowledge to make the best decision for your home.

Trustworthiness: Honest Advice for Your Roofing Investment

Trust is a big deal in our line of work. I’ve built my reputation on being as transparent as possible with homeowners, ensuring you understand not only the benefits but also the potential drawbacks of each roofing option. Let’s be honest: no roof is perfect. Asphalt shingles might be cost-effective and aesthetically pleasing, but they do require a bit more upkeep, especially if you live in an area with high rainfall. On the other hand, metal roofing is durable and energy-efficient but comes with a heftier price tag and a different look that might not suit every home.

What I’ve found is that the decision ultimately comes down to your priorities. Are you looking for something that gives you a classic, familiar appearance and fits within a tighter budget? Or do you value long-term durability and lower energy costs, even if it means investing a bit more upfront? I don’t push one option over the other; I simply share what I’ve seen work best over the years. My honest, down-to-earth advice comes from a place of genuine care—because if you’re paying attention to these details, you deserve a roof that truly fits your needs.

I like to think of myself as a friend who’s been around the block a few times. Whether you’re new to homeownership in Vancouver or you’ve lived here for decades, I know that choosing a roof isn’t a decision to be taken lightly. You’re not just investing in shingles or metal panels; you’re investing in the safety, beauty, and value of your home. I’ve always aimed to provide advice that’s straightforward and honest, without any hidden agendas.

Asphalt Shingles in the Vancouver Climate

Let’s break down asphalt shingles a bit further. In our region, one of the biggest draws of asphalt shingles is their versatility. They come in a variety of colors and textures, which can complement everything from a quaint bungalow in Kitsilano to a modern condo in downtown Vancouver. Their installation is generally quicker and less expensive than metal roofing, which can be a big advantage if you’re working with a limited budget.

However, experience has taught me that asphalt shingles aren’t without their quirks. Constant exposure to moisture can sometimes lead to curling or granule loss, especially if the shingles aren’t of the highest quality or if the installation wasn’t spot-on. Regular inspections and occasional maintenance are key to ensuring these roofs continue to perform well. In my experience, when homeowners keep up with simple maintenance tasks, asphalt shingles can serve reliably for many years. But if you’re not up for periodic check-ups, you might want to consider whether the cost savings now are worth the maintenance down the line.

Metal Roofing in the Vancouver Climate

Now, let’s turn our attention to metal roofing. There’s a lot to admire about metal roofs, especially in a climate like Vancouver’s. One of the standout benefits is durability. Metal roofing is incredibly resilient against wind, rain, and even the occasional hailstorm that can make you wonder if nature is trying to give you a free car wash—though not in the way you might hope. The energy efficiency of metal roofs is another significant perk. With the way temperatures can swing between mild winters and unexpectedly warm days in our region, having a roof that reflects heat can help keep your energy bills in check.

From my experience, metal roofs also have the advantage of a longer lifespan. Many metal roofs can last 40 to 70 years, a stark contrast to the 20 to 30 years typically expected from asphalt shingles. That said, metal roofing does require careful installation to prevent issues like noise during heavy rain or ensuring that expansion and contraction are properly managed. It’s not a magic bullet, but if you’re looking for a long-term solution and don’t mind investing a bit more upfront, metal roofing is a solid option.

I’ve seen metal roofs excel on homes where the homeowner wanted minimal maintenance and a modern look. I once worked on a project in a bustling Surrey neighborhood where the client was enamored with the sleek appearance of a standing seam metal roof. Even a few years later, after a couple of harsh winters, that roof still looked and performed remarkably well, giving us all a little confidence that sometimes spending a bit more does pay off in the long run.

Comparing Cost, Maintenance, and Lifespan

When weighing asphalt shingles against metal roofing, several factors come into play. Cost is often the first consideration. Asphalt shingles typically have a lower upfront cost, which makes them attractive if you’re watching your budget. But remember, the initial savings might be offset by the need for more frequent maintenance and earlier replacement.

Maintenance is where the real differences emerge. Asphalt shingles, while generally low-maintenance if installed correctly, might still require more regular inspections to catch issues like granule loss or minor leaks. Metal roofs, with their robust build, tend to require less upkeep. However, if something does go wrong, repairs can sometimes be more specialized and, consequently, a bit pricier.

Then there’s the lifespan. In my many years working on roofs in this area, I’ve seen asphalt shingles give you a couple of decades of service before needing a full replacement. Metal roofing, in contrast, often lasts significantly longer—sometimes well beyond 40 years—making it a more sustainable choice if you plan on staying in your home for the long haul. This longevity is a key consideration if you’re looking to minimize disruptions and avoid the hassle of multiple roofing projects over your lifetime.

A Friendly Word on Making the Right Choice

I understand that choosing a roof can feel as daunting as deciding on the best coffee spot in downtown Vancouver on a rainy morning. My advice? Weigh what matters most to you. If budget constraints and a love for traditional aesthetics are top priorities, asphalt shingles might be the right fit. On the other hand, if you’re leaning toward an investment that emphasizes durability, energy efficiency, and a modern look—while being prepared for a higher upfront cost—metal roofing could be your best bet.

Remember, there’s no universally “correct” answer here—only what fits best with your lifestyle, home design, and long-term plans. I always encourage homeowners to consider both the short-term and long-term implications. Ask yourself, “Am I ready for a roof that might need a little extra attention every few years, or would I rather have something that practically takes care of itself?” That’s the kind of honest question I’ve found most helpful in guiding my clients toward a decision that truly suits their needs.

Final Thoughts: Sharing What I’ve Learned Over the Years

I’m not here to push a particular product or brand. I’m here to share the lessons I’ve learned from decades of experience working with both asphalt shingles and metal roofing in our unique Vancouver climate. Whether you’re in a historic neighborhood of Vancouver, a suburban part of Surrey, or out in Delta, your roof should be as tailored to your environment and lifestyle as your favorite local coffee blend.

The key takeaway is simple: every roofing project is unique, and your decision should be based on a balance of cost, maintenance expectations, durability, and aesthetic preference. I hope that by sharing my experiences and insights, you feel a little more empowered to make the best choice for your home. After all, your roof is more than just a barrier against the elements—it’s an integral part of your home’s character and your overall peace of mind.

In the end, whether you opt for asphalt shingles or metal roofing, the most important thing is that your home is protected, comfortable, and a true reflection of your personal style. And if you ever have questions or need a sounding board as you make your decision, know that I’m always here to chat—no hard sales pitch, just a friendly conversation about what’s best for your home in our beautiful, ever-changing corner of the Lower Mainland.

Everyone loves water and a good swimming pool means that you have time less fun but maintaining a pool is not an easy thing if not done well. Among the swimming pool accessories, important to note is the swimming pool covers. These covers serve multiple purposes, from keeping the water clean to reducing maintenance efforts. However, in this article, we will try to reveal the importance of pool covers and why every owner of the pool should have one.

1. Why Are Swimming Pool Covers Important:

A swimming pool is more of an elegant addition to any piece of property and at the same time, a bundle of work. Among the most outstanding reasons why covers are so vital is that they ensure debris from the outside cannot get inside your pool. It is quite easy for the leaves and dirt and everything else to get inside, which will have to be cleaned quite frequently. Cover in place keeps those unwanted elements from getting to the pool. It makes sure that your pool remains sparkling clean for longer periods. Apart from keeping it clean, covers have a very significant role in the maintenance of the water temperature. The rooftop is likely to stay warm weather sunny or a cool evening because heat tends to leak out from the uncovered pools.

2. Increasing Safety with Pool Covers:

Pool owners must consider investing in pool covers for a critical reason: safety. Pools may be hazardous for children and animals. A pool cover is one security that is strong enough to stop an accident from happening. Parents would not even let their kids swim without a parent around. Some are extra heavy-duty; that is to say, they can support weight in case someone accidentally steps onto the surface. This is a feature that benefits many families with small children who, in ignorance, tend to walk toward the pool area.

3. Types of Swimming Pool Covers:

Pool covers are designed for specific needs. The common ones include solar covers, safety covers, and winter covers. The solar covers trap sunlight, allowing the pool to warm naturally, which makes it a great idea for energy-conscious homeowners. The covers are also durable, with extra locking features for safety. Winter covers would be ideal for covering your pool during the winter season, and thus keep your pool away from harsh weather and algae growth. Though one is different from the other in usage, what must be used will all depend on so many factors: climate, how one will use the pool and individual preference. You can also discuss requirements with the professional, thus making a wiser decision to meet your particular needs.

4. Advantages of Pool Covers toward Environmental Conservation:

Pool covers are also beneficial to the environment in many ways. One obvious advantage is the wastage of water. The more days that have passed since the cover went off, the huge evaporation of water in your pool, especially on hot summer days. A well-fitted cover reduces evaporation to the extreme; you will hence save much water to refill your pool while saving much money to refill. The pool cover also keeps warm. You therefore tend to have them for longer; this decreases your usage of their heating systems by many folds. That will hence lower your carbon footprint, an essential element in sustaining your way of living. For environmentally conscious pool owners, covers are an excellent way of enjoying the pool responsibly.

5. The Perfect Solution: Above-Ground Pool Covers:

There is nothing as essential as knowing the type of pool you own any time you are looking for a cover. Ground Pool Covers are a Godsend for above-ground swimming pool owners. These are specifically developed for above-ground swimming pools to ensure they give proper coverage and shield. These solutions are available in several types and made of different materials which means you can easily find one that will fit the needs of your organization. Above-ground pool covers are used to maintain the pool by preventing debris and retaining warmth and also to make it safer. When picking the right cover, you can be sure your pool stays well maintained all year round, under any weather conditions.

Conclusion

Swimming pool covers are essential for pool owners who want to maintain their pools effortlessly and effectively. There are numerous reasons for pool covers, from keeping the debris out, to enhancement safety, and reducing water evaporation. These save time and energy and provide a more sustainable way of enjoying your pool. The right cover can make all the difference for above-ground pool owners. Above ground pool covers are effective at shielding your pool from the debris and keeping it a haven for many more years to come. An investment in a secure-fitting cover that lasts is long-term sound sense-making and provides comfort and reassurance of your pool.

When it comes to repairs, whether at home or in a professional setting, the use of the right chemicals can mean the difference between a quick, durable fix and a prolonged, costly project. From adhesives to cleaning agents, essential chemicals are integral to ensuring that repairs are effective, long-lasting, and seamless. These substances are engineered to meet the demands of different materials and applications, offering homeowners and professionals alike the tools they need to handle a variety of issues. Understanding these chemicals’ roles will help you make informed decisions for your next repair.

Adhesives: Bonding for Strength and Durability

Adhesives are one of the most versatile chemicals used in repairs. They provide bonding power that can hold together materials that would otherwise be difficult to secure with nails or screws. Whether you’re repairing a broken piece of furniture, patching up a tile, or sealing a crack, adhesives come in a range of types designed for specific purposes. Epoxy adhesives, for example, offer a strong bond for materials like metal and glass, while polyurethane adhesives are excellent for bonding wood, ceramic, and concrete. For home repairs, knowing which adhesive to use is crucial. Using a general-purpose glue on a surface that requires a specific type of bonding can result in weak adhesion or even damage to the materials. 

Sealants: Protecting and Reinforcing Surfaces

Sealants play a critical role in repair work, particularly in areas exposed to moisture or air infiltration. They are used to seal gaps, cracks, or joints, preventing water, air, or other contaminants from entering. This not only helps prevent damage to surfaces but also improves energy efficiency and longevity of the structures being repaired. Silicone sealants, for instance, are highly effective in areas prone to high moisture, such as bathrooms and kitchens, while acrylic sealants are suitable for a variety of indoor repairs. For professionals working in construction or renovation, sealants are indispensable for ensuring airtight and watertight results. 

Cleaning Agents: Preparing Surfaces for Repairs

Before any repair can be effectively carried out, the surface in question must be cleaned properly. Cleaning agents, often underestimated in their importance, remove dirt, grime, and old adhesives that can interfere with new bonding or sealing. Without a properly cleaned surface, even the best adhesives or sealants won’t perform as expected. Degreasers and surface cleaners are essential for both home and professional repairs, ensuring that surfaces are free from oils and other contaminants that could weaken the repair process. For professionals, cleaning agents are often the first step in a series of preparation tasks, setting the stage for successful repairs. 

Concrete and Masonry Repair Chemicals

Concrete and masonry repairs often require specialized chemicals to ensure the repair is both strong and durable. For homeowners, fixing small cracks or damage in concrete driveways, patios, or garage floors may seem daunting, but with the right chemicals, it becomes a manageable task. The key is to choose the correct repair product that not only fills the crack or damage but also strengthens the existing structure. Professionals working with large-scale concrete repairs rely heavily on products specifically designed for the job. Midway through the process of evaluating repair products, it’s essential to highlight that concrete repair products are formulated to restore the integrity of damaged surfaces while preventing further deterioration. These products typically consist of bonding agents, quick-setting materials, and additives that enhance strength. 

Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors: Extending the Life of Metal Surfaces

Metal surfaces, whether they are part of a home’s infrastructure or a professional setting, are prone to rust and corrosion over time, especially in areas exposed to moisture. Rust inhibitors and corrosion-resistant chemicals are key to preserving the structural integrity of these metal surfaces. In a home setting, this might involve applying a rust inhibitor to outdoor furniture, railings, or metal doors to prevent oxidation and ensure a longer lifespan for the materials. Professionals, particularly in industries such as automotive repair, construction, and marine services, often use advanced corrosion inhibitors that protect metal components exposed to harsh environments. These chemicals form a protective barrier, shielding the metal from corrosive elements like water and salt. 

Lubricants: Ensuring Smooth Functionality

Lubricants are essential chemicals that reduce friction between moving parts, making them indispensable for repairs that involve machinery, hinges, and tools. A squeaky door or a stuck mechanism can be easily fixed with the right lubricant, restoring smooth and quiet functionality. For homeowners, multi-purpose lubricants can be used for a variety of small tasks, from freeing a stuck window to greasing a door lock. For professionals, lubricants are critical for maintaining the efficiency and longevity of equipment and machinery. In industrial settings, specialized lubricants are used to ensure that high-performance machines run smoothly without unnecessary wear and tear. 

Whether you’re tackling home repairs or handling professional projects, selecting the right chemicals for the job is essential for achieving seamless, long-lasting results. Adhesives, sealants, cleaning agents, and rust inhibitors all play vital roles in ensuring that repairs are durable and effective. Understanding the purpose of each chemical and how it applies to your specific repair needs is the first step in guaranteeing a successful fix. With the right products, from adhesives that bond with strength to rust inhibitors that protect metal surfaces, you can tackle any repair with confidence and precision.

Beautifying an outdoor space is a way to renew and re-fall in love with your home, but it’s also a way to boost your property value and do more with your existing property. One of the most impressive projects you can pursue is building an outdoor kitchen, but what exactly are the benefits, and how do you get started?

How an Outdoor Kitchen Can Improve Your Outdoor Space

These are just some of the ways that an outdoor kitchen can improve your outdoor space:

Cooking capacity

Nearly every home chef would benefit from extra storage space, extra counter space, and more options for cooking their favorite meals. With an outdoor kitchen, you’ll get all this and more. You’ll have the option of cooking outside rather than inside, getting fresh air and easing cleanup. You’ll have more total cooking space to work with, which is excellent if you’re cooking for a large number of people or if you’re working with other chefs. You may even have access to unique appliances, like grills, which you wouldn’t keep in an indoor kitchen.

Modularity

Outdoor kitchens are optionally available as modular. In other words, you can piece them together unit by unit to build exactly the outdoor kitchen you need. This way, you won’t waste excess money on appliances or structures that aren’t a part of your vision, but you can still get all the elements you want to be satisfied.

Total aesthetic control

Similarly, you’ll have nearly total aesthetic control over your kitchen. You can choose something sleek and modern to fit your space or go with something a bit more rustic and cozy. With a wide range of options for materials and finishes, you should be able to find something that fits your home perfectly and makes your backyard even more beautiful.

An excuse for outdoor gatherings

Some people appreciate having an outdoor kitchen because it gives them an excuse for more outdoor gatherings. You can cook outside, serve food outside, and wander around the kitchen space socializing with other people. It’s a perfect spot for quality family time, and it’s ideal for larger gatherings of friends and acquaintances. If you’ve been eager to spend more time outside with others, an outdoor kitchen could be the perfect fit.

Home value increases

There’s no shortage of ways to increase the value of your home, but an outdoor kitchen might be one of the best options, depending on your goals. You won’t be able to increase your home value by more than you spend on the outdoor kitchen, but you’ll be able to recoup at least some of the costs. Considering the qualitative benefits of using the outdoor kitchen, this equation should work in your favor as a homeowner.

Building Your Outdoor Kitchen

If you’re thinking about building an outdoor kitchen, these are some of the most important tasks you’ll need to accomplish first:

Consider your local climate

Before you get too far in the planning process, it’s a good idea to consider your local climate and evaluate it honestly. If you live in an area with especially cold, harsh winters, you probably won’t get as much value out of your outdoor kitchen as you would if you lived in an area with mild weather year-round.

Measure your space

You should also thoroughly measure your space, so you know exactly how much outdoor kitchen you can afford to install. This is also a good opportunity to speculate about the size, shape, and placement of your outdoor kitchen. How exactly is this going to fit with the rest of your backyard?

Shop around

Shop around for your outdoor kitchen or the components for it. There are many ways to buy and build your outdoor kitchen, and there are many providers to choose from. Only by exploring the options available to you will you be able to choose the best ones for your needs.

Start with a list of needs and wants

Once you’ve seen many of the options available, you can begin developing a list of your needs and wants. How much space do you want the outdoor kitchen to take up? Which appliances are must-haves, and which ones would be nice to have? Are you going to run utilities to your outdoor kitchen? Do you want cabinetry and other storage options available to you?

Create your budget

Building an outdoor kitchen is reasonably affordable, but it’s still a major home improvement. Before you get much further in this process, it’s a good idea to create a budget. How much are you willing to spend on this project and how is that going to impact your personal finances?

Choose a path forward

The final big decision you’ll need to make is how to move forward. Are you going to design from scratch or take advantage of modular outdoor kitchen components? Are you going to work with contractors or try to do the work yourself?

Start building

At this point, you’ll be ready to start building!

Conclusion

An outdoor kitchen isn’t the right fit for every backyard or every individual. But if you live in the right climate, if you love the idea of cooking outside, or if you’re interested in making your backyard more accessible and inviting, an outdoor kitchen could be exactly what you need.

In the realm of property security and access control, the choice of a slide gate holds significant importance. Unlike traditional swing gates, slide gates operate horizontally along a track, making them ideal for areas with limited space or where a clear opening is essential. Whether for residential driveways, industrial compounds, or commercial facilities, selecting the appropriate slide gate involves careful consideration of several key factors.

Understanding Your Requirements

When embarking on the journey to select a slide gate, the first step is a comprehensive assessment of your needs. Are you prioritizing security above all else, or is the ease of access a primary concern? Understanding the primary purpose of the gate helps narrow down the options significantly. For residential applications, aesthetics might also play a role alongside functionality. Thoroughly mapping out these requirements lays a solid foundation for making informed decisions.

Factors Influencing Your Choice

Several factors influence the choice of a slide gate. Among the most critical are the dimensions of the opening and the available space for installation. Unlike swing gates that require ample clearance to open, slide gates operate on a horizontal plane, making them suitable for spaces with limited lateral room. This characteristic is particularly advantageous in urban settings or where driveways are narrow.

Security and Durability

For commercial and industrial applications, security is often paramount. Slide gates are renowned for their robust construction and ability to withstand substantial force, making them a preferred choice for securing perimeters. Materials such as steel or aluminum are commonly used for their durability and resistance to weathering. Understanding the level of security needed ensures that the chosen gate provides adequate protection against unauthorized access.

Types of Slide Gates

Slide gates come in various types, each suited to different environments and operational requirements. For instance, the cantilever gate, a popular variant, operates without the need for a ground track, which reduces maintenance and prevents debris buildup. This design is advantageous in locations where snow or gravel accumulation might impede the movement of traditional sliding gates. By utilizing a counterbalance mechanism, this kind of gate offers smooth operation while maintaining high levels of security.

Automation and Access Control

Incorporating automation into your slide gate enhances convenience and security. Automated gates can be operated remotely, allowing for seamless entry and exit without the need to leave your vehicle. Access control systems, such as keypads, RFID readers, or even smartphone apps, further enhance security by restricting access to authorized personnel only. Choosing compatible automation systems ensures reliability and ease of integration with existing security infrastructure.

Maintenance Considerations

Like any mechanical system, slide gates require regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance and longevity. Periodic inspections for signs of wear and tear, lubrication of moving parts, and cleaning of tracks or rollers are essential maintenance tasks. Choosing a gate with accessible components simplifies upkeep and reduces downtime due to unexpected malfunctions.

Selecting the right slide gate involves a careful balance of security, functionality, and durability. By assessing your specific needs, understanding the available options, and considering factors such as space limitations and automation requirements, you can make an informed decision that meets both your immediate and long-term objectives.